最近“滴滴打车”、“uber”这样哈啰打车司机怎么能快速抢到单的打车软件风靡，极大地方便满足哈啰打车司机怎么能快速抢到单了大家的各种出行需求。但对于像老师这样的深度路盲而言，一个靠谱的老司机绝对还不够！出门在外或者出国旅游自己一个人混的时候，还是全无方向！所以非常需要“百度”“谷歌”这样foolproof的导航软件。
一说到导航（navigation），大多数人首先想到的可能是下图：
然而事实上，导航并非必须依赖高科技化的电子产品才能实现哈啰打车司机怎么能快速抢到单；自然界的很多看似普通的动物，也有着强大且精准的定位导航能力。
所以今天，我们要介绍的就是曾经在TPO 11 orientation and navigation中考到过的背景知识。
“How could a bird navigateby the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? ”TPO中提出的这个问题也是我们接下来要探讨介绍的主题。
首先，我们要梳理的概念是鸟类每年的迁徙。Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway,between breeding and wintering grounds.
Many species of birds travel thousands of miles from their breeding 繁殖 grounds to their winter quarters, to return again the following spring. How do they find their way? How is it that young and inexperienced birds are able to travel independently of their parents and stillreach their destination?
除了季节性的迁徙，信鸽千里飞归老巢也好，“老马识途”也好，这些动物行为不是光凭主观欲望所能达到，还要凭借其生理机制(mechanism)。
生物学家和其他学者做了大量的研究，提出了多种导航论说，“太阳导航说”、“地磁导航说”、以及感觉导航说等等。
第二，什么是orientation and navigation?
Orientationis simply facing in theright direction; navigationinvolves finding ones way from point A to point B.
鸟类又是如何航行到其既定目的地的呢哈啰打车司机怎么能快速抢到单？
There is accumulating 积累的，越来越多的 evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a widevariety of environmental cues 暗示，线索, which include,the sun during daytime, the sky at night (star pattern). Other areas under investigation are magnetism 磁力磁场, landmarks,coastline, sonar and even smells.
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